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Buffer Solutions

Buffer solutions are equlibrium systems that minimise changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added to the solution.
Buffer Solutions illustrate the practical importance of Le Chataliers principle. The Buffer Solution will oppose the changes being made to alter the equilibrium by either removing the excess acid or alkali to maintain a stable pH.

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What do buffer solutions consist of?
How do buffer solutions work?
How to calculate the initial pH of a buffer solution
Buffer solutions in action
Practical uses of buffer solutions

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Author: Christopher Saywell (document modification date: 19th April 2004)